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Subgroups in US Amateur Radio - Amateur Extra (Element 4, 2020-2024)

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Subelement E1COMMISSION RULES
E1AOperating Standards: frequency privileges; automatic message forwarding; stations aboard ships or aircraft; power restriction on 630 and 2200 meter bands
E1BStation restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating restrictions; spurious emissions; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations
E1CRules pertaining to automatic and remote control; band-specific regulations; operating in, and communicating with foreign countries; spurious emission standards; HF modulation index limit; bandwidth definition
E1DAmateur space and Earth stations; telemetry and telecommand rules; identification of balloon transmissions; one-way communications
E1EVolunteer examiner program: definitions; qualifications; preparation and administration of exams; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements
E1FMiscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; prohibited communications; spread spectrum; auxiliary stations; Canadian amateurs operating in the U.S.; special temporary authority; control operator of an auxiliary station
Subelement E2OPERATING PROCEDURES
E2AAmateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite hardware; satellite operations
E2BTelevision practices: fast scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques
E2COperating methods: contest and DX operating; remote operation techniques; Cabrillo format; QSLing; RF network connected systems
E2DOperating methods: VHF and UHF digital modes and procedures; APRS; EME procedures; meteor scatter procedures
E2EOperating methods: operating HF digital modes
Subelement E3RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
E3AElectromagnetic waves; Earth-Moon-Earth communications; meteor scatter; microwave tropospheric and scatter propagation; aurora propagation; ionospheric propagation changes over the day; circular polarization
E3BTransequatorial propagation; long-path; grayline; ordinary and extraordinary waves; chordal hop; sporadic E mechanisms
E3CRadio horizon; ground wave; propagation prediction techniques and modeling; effects of space weather parameters on propagation
Subelement E4AMATEUR PRACTICES
E4ATest equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum analyzers; antenna analyzers; oscilloscopes; RF measurements; computer-aided measurements
E4BMeasurement technique and limitations: instrument accuracy and performance limitations; probes; techniques to minimize errors; measurement of Q; instrument calibration; S parameters; vector network analyzers
E4CReceiver performance characteristics: phase noise, noise floor, image rejection, MDS, signal-to-noise ratio, noise figure, reciprocal mixing; selectivity; effects of SDR receiver non-linearity; use of attenuators at low frequencies
E4DReceiver performance characteristics: blocking dynamic range; intermodulation and cross-modulation interference; third-order intercept; desensitization; preselector
E4ENoise suppression and interference: system noise; electrical appliance noise; line noise; locating noise sources; DSP noise reduction; noise blankers; grounding for signals; common mode currents
Subelement E5ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
E5AResonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits: series and parallel resonance; definitions and effects of Q; half-power bandwidth; phase relationships in reactive circuits
E5BTime constants and phase relationships: RL and RC time constants; phase angle in reactive circuits and components; admittance and susceptance
E5CCoordinate systems and phasors in electronics: Rectangular Coordinates; Polar Coordinates; Phasors
E5DAC and RF energy in real circuits: skin effect; electromagnetic fields; reactive power; power factor; electrical length of conductors at UHF and microwave frequencies; microstrip
Subelement E6CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
E6ASemiconductor materials and devices: semiconductor materials; germanium, silicon, P-type, N-type; transistor types: NPN, PNP, junction, field-effect transistors: enhancement mode; depletion mode; MOS; CMOS; N-channel; P-channel
E6BDiodes
E6CDigital ICs: Families of digital ICs; gates; Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
E6DToroidal and Solenoidal Inductors: permeability, core material, selecting, winding; transformers; piezoelectric devices
E6EAnalog ICs: MMICs, IC packaging characteristics
E6FElectro-optical technology: photoconductivity; photovoltaic devices; optical sensors and encoders; optical isolation
Subelement E7PRACTICAL CIRCUITS
E7ADigital circuits: digital circuit principles and logic circuits; classes of logic elements; positive and negative logic; frequency dividers; truth tables
E7BAmplifiers: Class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; spurious and parasitic suppression; microwave amplifiers; switching-type amplifiers
E7CFilters and matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter characteristics; impedance matching; DSP filtering
E7DPower supplies and voltage regulators; Solar array charge controllers
E7EModulation and demodulation: reactance, phase and balanced modulators; detectors; mixer stages
E7FDSP filtering and other operations; software defined radio fundamentals; DSP modulation and demodulation
E7GActive filters and op-amp circuits: active audio filters; characteristics; basic circuit design; operational amplifiers
E7HOscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct digital synthesizers; stabilizing thermal drift; microphonics; high-accuracy oscillators
Subelement E8SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS
E8AAC waveforms: sine, square, and irregular waveforms; AC measurements; average power and PEP of RF signals; Fourier analysis; analog to digital conversion: digital to analog conversion; advantages of digital communications
E8BModulation and demodulation: modulation methods; modulation index and deviation ratio; frequency and time division multiplexing; Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
E8CDigital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction
E8DKeying defects and overmodulation of digital signals; digital codes; spread spectrum
Subelement E9ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES
E9ABasic Antenna parameters: radiation resistance, gain, beamwidth, efficiency; effective radiated power
E9BAntenna patterns and designs: E and H plane patterns; gain as a function of pattern; antenna modeling
E9CPractical wire antennas; folded dipoles; phased arrays; effects of ground near antennas
E9DYagi antennas; parabolic reflectors; circular polarization; loading coils; top loading; feedpoint impedance of electrically short antennas; antenna Q; RF grounding
E9EMatching: matching antennas to feed lines; phasing lines; power dividers
E9FTransmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines; coax versus open-wire; velocity factor; electrical length; coaxial cable dielectrics
E9GThe Smith chart
E9HReceiving Antennas: radio direction finding antennas; Beverage antennas; specialized receiving antennas; long-wire receiving antennas
Subelement E0SAFETY
E0ASafety: RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials; grounding