Subelement T1 FCC Rules, descriptions and definitions for the Amateur Radio Service, operator and station license responsibilities T1A Amateur Radio Service: purpose and permissible use of the Amateur Radio Service; operator/primary station license grant; where FCC rules are codified; basis and purpose of FCC rules; meanings of basic terms used in FCC rules; interference; spectrum management T1B Authorized frequencies: frequency allocations; ITU regions; emission modes; restricted sub-bands; spectrum sharing; transmissions near band edges T1C Operator licensing: operator classes; sequential, special event, and vanity call sign systems; international communications; reciprocal operation; station license and licensee; places where the amateur service is regulated by the FCC; name and address on FCC license database; license term; renewal; grace period T1D Authorized and prohibited transmission: communications with other countries; music; exchange of information with other services; indecent language; compensation for use of station; retransmission of other amateur signals; codes and ciphers; sale of equipment; unidentified transmissions; broadcasting T1E Control operator and control types: control operator required; eligibility; designation of control operator; privileges and duties; control point; local, automatic and remote control; location of control operator T1F Station identification; repeaters; third party communications; club stations; FCC inspection Subelement T2 Operating Procedures T2A Station operation: choosing an operating frequency; calling another station; test transmissions; procedural signs; use of minimum power; choosing an operating frequency; band plans; calling frequencies; repeater offsets T2B VHF/UHF operating practices: SSB phone; FM repeater; simplex; splits and shifts; CTCSS; DTMF; tone squelch; carrier squelch; phonetics; operational problem resolution; Q signals T2C Public service: emergency and non-emergency operations; applicability of FCC rules; RACES and ARES; net and traffic procedures; emergency restrictions Subelement T3 Radio wave characteristics: properties of radio waves; propagation modes T3A Radio wave characteristics: how a radio signal travels; fading; multipath; wavelength vs. penetration; antenna orientation T3B Radio and electromagnetic wave properties: the electromagnetic spectrum; wavelength vs. frequency; velocity of electromagnetic waves; calculating wavelength T3C Propagation modes: line of sight; sporadic E; meteor and auroral scatter and reflections; tropospheric ducting; F layer skip; radio horizon Subelement T4 Amateur radio practices and station set up T4A Station setup: connecting microphones; reducing unwanted emissions; power source; connecting a computer; RF grounding; connecting digital equipment; connecting an SWR meter T4B Operating controls: tuning; use of filters; squelch function; AGC; repeater offset; memory channels Subelement T5 Electrical principles: math for electronics; electronic principles; Ohm's Law T5A Electrical principles, units, and terms: current and voltage; conductors and insulators; alternating and direct current T5B Math for electronics: conversion of electrical units; decibels; the metric system T5C Electronic principles: capacitance; inductance; current flow in circuits; alternating current; definition of RF; DC power calculations; impedance T5D Ohms Law: formulas and usage Subelement T6 Electrical components: semiconductors; circuit diagrams; component functions T6A Electrical components: fixed and variable resistors; capacitors and inductors; fuses; switches; batteries T6B Semiconductors: basic principles and applications of solid state devices; diodes and transistors T6C Circuit diagrams; schematic symbols T6D Component functions: rectification; switches; indicators; power supply components; resonant circuit; shielding; power transformers; integrated circuits Subelement T7 Station equipment: common transmitter and receiver problems; antenna measurements; troubleshooting; basic repair and testing T7A Station equipment: receivers; transmitters; transceivers; modulation; transverters; low power and weak signal operation; transmit and receive amplifiers T7B Common transmitter and receiver problems: symptoms of overload and overdrive; distortion; causes of interference; interference and consumer electronics; part 15 devices; over and under modulation; RF feedback; off frequency signals; fading and noise; problems with digital communications interfaces T7C Antenna measurements and troubleshooting: measuring SWR; dummy loads; coaxial cables; feed line failure modes T7D Basic repair and testing: soldering; using basic test instruments; connecting a voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter Subelement T8 Modulation modes: amateur satellite operation; operating activities; non-voice communications T8A Modulation modes: bandwidth of various signals; choice of emission type T8B Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift, basic orbits, operating protocols; control operator, transmitter power considerations; satellite tracking; digital modes T8C Operating activities: radio direction finding; radio control; contests; linking over the Internet; grid locators T8D Non-voice communications: image signals; digital modes; CW; packet; PSK31; APRS; error detection and correction; NTSC Subelement T9 Antennas and feed lines T9A Antennas: vertical and horizontal polarization; concept of gain; common portable and mobile antennas; relationships between antenna length and frequency T9B Feed lines: types of feed lines; attenuation vs. frequency; SWR concepts; matching; weather protection; choosing RF connectors and feed lines Subelement T0 Electrical safety: AC and DC power circuits; antenna installation; RF hazards T0A Power circuits and hazards: hazardous voltages; fuses and circuit breakers; grounding; lightning protection; battery safety; electrical code compliance T0B Antenna safety: tower safety; erecting an antenna support; overhead power lines; installing an antenna T0C RF hazards: radiation exposure; proximity to antennas; recognized safe power levels; exposure to others; radiation types; duty cycle 